Liangzhu Culture

Conical-shaped jade artifacts are a special category within Liangzhu culture’s jade collection. They have been found in tombs of various sizes, from high-ranking to common graves, making them some of the most widely distributed and accessible jade items in the Liangzhu culture. However, the use of conical jade artifacts still bears clear marks of social hierarchy. For instance, conical artifacts with carved patterns or clustered shapes are typically found only in the tombs of individuals with higher social status. Generally, the upper end of the artifact is shaped into a pointed cone, while the lower end is usually made with a short tenon, often with small holes, although some may have no holes at all. These artifacts are often found in various locations on the body, such as the head or feet. The uses of these objects are still debated, with theories suggesting they could have been hairpins, jade acupuncture tools, or ceremonial arrowheads.

Excavation Site: Yao Mountain Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 3.2, Diameter 0.95； Description: This pendant has a cylindrical shape with a drooping bag-like form. The object is meticulously crafted, with one end having a rounded convex tenon and a small drilled hole, while the other end is sharp and pointed. The central part features a carved line that divides the surface into two sections. The upper section is smooth and plain, while the lower section is decorated with a shallow relief carving of two eyes and two nostrils, with fine incised lines around the facial features.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 3.98, Outer Diameter 7–7.07, Inner Hole Diameter 5.6； Description: This jade bracelet is pumpkin yellow and finely polished. The outer surface is concave toward the inner side, giving it a waist-like shape. It was found positioned on both sides of the upper limbs in the tomb. Based on the positioning of other burial items, it is believed to have been a wrist ornament.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 9.6, Maximum Diameter 1.07； Description: This conical jade artifact is white with a good gloss, and the cross-section is circular.

Excavation Site: Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1999； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 11.6, Diameter 0.6； Description: This jade artifact is green with brown-yellow streaks. It has a rectangular column shape, with one end bluntly pointed and the other end featuring a protruding tenon. The top has two small drilled holes, and the body shows signs of cutting from jade processing. The artifact is finely polished and is categorized as a conical jade tool.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: ① Jade Axe: Length 14.1, Upper Width 9.3, Blade Width 11, Maximum Thickness 0.9； ② Jade Handle Crown Decoration: Tenon mouth 0.6–2.2, Depth 1.2, Total Height 3.35, Width 6.9, Maximum Thickness 1.25； ③ Jade Handle End Decoration: Tenon mouth 0.65–2, Depth 1.5, Bottom of tenon hole ground into a concave arc, Total Height 3, Width 6.2, Maximum Thickness 1.7； Description: Jade Axe (1579): The upper surface of the jade axe shows two-way cutting marks, with the middle portion still bearing some remnants of breaks. One corner of the jade axe is damaged but has been restored through a stepped cut, matching another jade piece that was also restored in the same way. Both pieces were polished after being cut, and the top of the restoration piece also shows two-way cutting marks, though the cutting conditions differ from those on the jade axe. Jade Handle Crown Decoration (1577): The cross-section of this piece is an oval shape. The tenon hole is drilled with six solid drills, and the bottom of the hole is ground into a concave arc. Jade Handle End Decoration (1578): The cross-section is oval, with a tenon on the upper part that is drilled with a tenon hole. There are small horizontal holes for fixing the tenon, and the end surface is cut into an olive-shaped bulge. The oval tenon hole is also drilled with six solid drills, and the bottom of the hole is ground into a concave arc.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 0.4-0.6, Diameter 0.5-0.6； Description: These jade beads are pumpkin yellow or have some erosion, and are typically convex in shape. Some beads have slight line-cutting marks, possibly from the process of stringing or shaping.

The jade axe symbolized military command and authority. It originated in the Songze culture with stone axes and evolved into jade axes during the Liangzhu culture period. Together with jade cong and jade bi, the jade axe formed the core of the jade ritual system, serving as a specific marker of identity and status for the elite class. The jade axes of Liangzhu culture generally come in two types: rectangular trapezoidal and flat square trapezoidal. The most formal version typically consists of the axe body, crown decoration, and end decoration.

Excavation Site: Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1989； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Diameter 11.5, Hole Diameter 5.5, Height 0.9； Description: This jade ring is green with brown-yellow streaks and has a flat, thin, round shape. It features a small hole in the center and displays uneven thickness.

Previously known as the "jade crown-shaped artifact," the jade comb back is a typical type of jade artifact from the Liangzhu culture. It is generally found beside the head of the deceased in tombs. Jade comb backs are relatively common, and the variations in their shape over time are quite clear. In early examples, the top is flat or slightly concave, with no distinct separation between the tenon and the back body. Later examples show a flattened tenon at the bottom, which gradually becomes thinner and smaller. The discovery of a jade comb back embedded in an ivory comb in the Zhoujiabang No. 30 tomb confirms that these were mounted on combs.

Excavation Site: Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1989； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Diameter 11.5, Hole Diameter 5.5, Height 0.9； Description: This jade ring is green with brown-yellow streaks and has a flat, thin, round shape. It features a small hole in the center and displays uneven thickness.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 3.02, Upper Width 5.76, Tenon Width 3.9–4.2, Thickness 0.59； Description: This jade comb back is pumpkin yellow with a good gloss. The top is cut in a pagoda shape, with a near-circular hole drilled beneath it. The two drilled holes are slightly misaligned. The sides curve inward, and the lower part has a short tenon with two drilled holes, also slightly misaligned.

Excavation Site: Yao Mountain Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 5.8, Width 7.7, Thickness 0.35； Description: The jade comb back has a slightly concave shape, with a smooth convex surface and no patterns. The concave side is decorated with incised lines. At the top, there is a depiction of a mythical beast, and each of the upper corners has a simplified flying bird pattern. Beneath the beast’s face, there is an oval perforation. The bottom edge of the artifact is adorned with a roll cloud pattern, suggesting its symbolic and ritualistic significance.

Excavation Site: Anxi Yao Mountain Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Width 7, Height 3.9, Thickness 0.42； Description: The jade pendant is flat and shaped like an inverted triangle, with rounded and curved bottom corners. The body is thin and flat. It is carved with a mythical beast pattern using both透雕 (透雕, through-carving) and incised line techniques.

Excavation Site: Yao Mountain Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 4.8, Width 8.5, Thickness 0.8； Description: This artifact is pumpkin yellow in color and features a trident-like shape. The two outer tines are level, while the central tine is lower. The top of the tines slightly protrudes outward, and a vertical hole is drilled through the center. One side of the trident is intricately decorated with carvings: the two outer tines are adorned with human-animal hybrid faces, with the figures wearing feathered crowns, having square faces, single-circle eyes, and teeth etched with incised lines. The upper part of the central tine is decorated with five groups of vertical feather-like patterns, symbolizing a frontal human figure, while the lower part of the central tine features an animal face pattern.

Excavation Site: Zhejiang Province, Yuhang District, Liangzhu Town, Anxi Yao Mountain Site； Excavation Time: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Width 7, Height 3.9, Thickness 0.42； Description: The jade pendant, typically found in groups with other objects, is made from materials such as tremolite jade, serpentine, chlorite, fluorite, and turquoise. Early examples used a flat bonding method to combine jade with other items, but by the late Liangzhu culture, more advanced methods like concave inlaying were used for a more secure attachment. The jade inlay technique of the late Liangzhu period broke past the limitations of flat inlay and introduced curved surface inlaying, marking the beginning of the cylindrical surface inlaying technique seen in the later cultures of the Good River (好川) region.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 4.36, Wingspan 5.33, Thickness 0.93； Description: The jade bird is designed with spread wings and is depicted in a flying posture. It has a short beak and tail, with the wings stretched outward as if flapping in flight. The bird's eyes are represented by prominent circles, and the space between the eyes shows a raised ridge due to grinding. The bird's back has slanted cuts extending toward the wings, with several horizontal cuts between the head and the back. The back also has a pair of horizontal perforations. These jade pendants, which come in various shapes such as semi-circular, crescent, triangular, spherical, bird-like, and turtle-like, are small in size and finely crafted. They were typically worn as part of ornamental sets, such as necklace pendants, wristbands, or anklets.

Excavation Site: Anxi Yao Mountain Stone Quarry, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: March 1973； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 5, Length 12, Width 5.1–6.4； Description: This jade raw material is gray with brown-yellow spots, shaped in a long form. One side shows the marks of cutting, with step-like ridges visible in the carving. This artifact is significant for the study of the jade-working techniques of the Liangzhu culture.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 4.13, End Diameter 4.8, Tenon Hole Diameter 2.96–3.05, External Diameter of Tenon Hole 1.3, Depth 1.4, Wall Thickness of Drilled Hole 0.15； Description: This jade end decoration has a large, curved, outward-facing end, and its outer surface is concave. The tenon hole is drilled, and noticeable steps from the drilling process remain visible. The center of the drilled hole has been polished to create a concave shape.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 5.75, Width 13.88, Thickness 0.8； Description: This jade piece is semi-circular in shape, with small perforated holes drilled on each side for hanging. The front is slightly curved, and the center is engraved with a shallow relief of a human-animal hybrid face. The "human" portion of the face is stylized with a pagoda-shaped headdress, while the animal face features elliptical eyes, a nasal bridge, and curved nostrils. The eyes are drilled with a tube drill, similar to the structure of the bird depicted in the previous artifact.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 3.2, Width 2.22, Thickness 0.55； Description: The jade turtle is yellowish-brown with some areas showing signs of weathering. Its head and neck extend forward, and there is a ridge line running along its back. The four claws are small, and it is depicted in a crawling posture. The back is marked by a longitudinal ridge, and the underside is flat with a pair of horizontal perforations.

Excavation Site: Fushan Site, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 0.9–3.8, Diameter 0.6–1.5； Description: These jade tubes are primarily yellowish in color. Two of them have a waist shape, and eight are “single-drilled,” meaning they were once drilled in half and are now separated into two pieces. These jade tube beads, along with jade beads, are among the most common types of jade artifacts from the Liangzhu culture. They were often used to create sets of jade pendants or ornaments. They were found in various parts of the tomb, typically positioned from the head to the feet, and are believed to have been used as accessories for necklaces, headwear, or bracelets.

Excavation Site: Hui Guan Mountain, Bingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: February 1991； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 1–3, Diameter 0.9–0.6； Description: These are cylindrical jade tubes, each with a hole drilled through the center. Most of the tubes are white, with one section being incomplete. Some of them have yellowish-brown or bluish-gray streaks or veins.

Jade tubes and jade beads are the most numerous jade artifacts of Liangzhu culture, and are the basic elements of jade pendants. They are either assembled into strings individually, and when unearthed, they are usually located in multiple positions from the front of the head to the feet of the tomb owner; or combined with jade pendants to form strings, and when unearthed, they are usually located on the head or chest and abdomen, which should be headwear or chest ornaments; or combined with jade pendants to form pendant ornaments, and when unearthed, they are usually located on the chest and abdomen or wrists. Jade tubes are generally cylindrical, cong-shaped, bell-shaped, etc. The body of the jade beads varies in size, plain, with a pair of round holes drilled in the middle, and a few are tunnel holes.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Length 3.2 cm, Maximum Diameter 3.25 cm； Description: The bead is drum-shaped and made of chicken-bone white jade. It has a smooth surface with a well-polished luster. A round hole is drilled through the center, and both ends of the bead have linear cutting marks. One side has unidirectional cutting marks, while the other side has bidirectional marks.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Length 2-2.1 cm, Width 1.1 cm, Thickness ~0.65 cm； Description: The piece is oval-shaped, made of pumpkin-yellow jade, with an arched front and a relatively flat back. A horizontal tunnel-like hole is drilled near the center.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Length 2.2-2.25 cm, Thickness 0.55-0.6 cm； Description: This jade piece is shield-shaped, with a shiny surface in pumpkin-yellow and pale blue hues. The front is curved, and the back is flat, with a horizontal tunnel-like hole.

Location: Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Size: Diameter 4.2 cm, Thickness 0.9 cm, Hole Diameter 0.5 cm； Description: This flat, round, disc-shaped artifact has a drilled hole at the center, with the hole walls polished. The cross-section is trapezoidal, and the outer edge of the wheel slightly bulges outward.

Location: Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Size: Length 5 cm, Width 2.75 cm, Thickness 2.2 cm； Description: Made from pumpkin-yellow jade, the piece is somewhat rectangular in shape with a slight concave surface. It is finely crafted with a flat bottom. One end features a drilled round hole, while the other end is carved into a deep groove forming a hook. Both the hole and the groove are polished to a glossy finish, with a curved cutting mark along the bottom surface.

Location: Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Size: Height 4.2 cm, Diameter 11.4-11.7 cm, Hole Diameter 6.4 cm； Description: This jade cong is pumpkin-yellow in color and nearly complete, though slightly weathered. It has a short, square columnar form with a large inner hole and a shallow round hole on the hole's wall. The top is flat, while the bottom is uneven, appearing to be shaped from the natural material. It is finely polished. The four corners have carved protrusions with simplified divine beast patterns, each featuring curved lines that may have been created with a drill.

Location: Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1987； Size: Height 4.4 cm, Diameter 7.5 cm, Hole Diameter 6.4 cm； Description: This jade cong is pumpkin-yellow with a hollow, short column shape. The hole wall is slightly curved outward, and the exterior is square with rounded corners. At each corner, there is a protrusion resembling a corner square. The top features carved divine beast patterns with a rotational symmetry around the corners.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Height 12.48 cm, Maximum Diameter 1.4 cm； Description: This jade tube has two drilled holes, though the drilling is slightly off-center, making it difficult to pass through with rigid materials. The edges of one side of the hole show vertical abrasion marks, indicating some wear during the drilling process.

Location: Anxi Stone Factory, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1988； Size: Thickness 1.5 cm, Diameter 22 cm, Hole Diameter 5 cm； Description: This jade bi is grayish-blue with iron-brown spots. It has a flat, round shape with a pair of drilled round holes in the center. The hole walls show offset platform marks and spiral patterns. The surface is smooth, and the polish is fine, indicating high-quality craftsmanship.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Height 4.5–4.2 cm, Width 7.17–7 cm, Thickness 0.56–0.6 cm； Description: This jade ornament is pumpkin-yellow with a hint of gray-brown and slight weathering. It is semi-circular in shape, with a convex front and concave back. There are three pairs of drilled hidden holes on the piece, indicating it was likely used for attachment or decoration.

Location: Fanjian Site, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 1986； Size: Diameter 16.2 cm, Thickness at Center 1.3 cm, Edge Thickness 1 cm, Hole Outer Diameter 6.2 cm, Hole Inner Diameter 6.05 cm； Description: This jade bi is pumpkin-yellow in color and finely polished. The concave areas are also well polished. The bi is round with a pair of drilled holes in the center, with the inner walls of the holes being finely smoothed. The artifact is mostly regular in shape, with faint marks of linear cutting visible on both sides.

Location: Houyang Village, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou； Excavation Time: 2003； Size: Thickness 1.2 cm, Outer Diameter 23.2 cm, Inner Diameter 22.3 cm, Hole Diameter 4.7 cm； Description: This jade bi is white with grayish streaks. It is flattened and nearly circular, with a drilled round hole in the center. The most distinctive feature is the slanted edges, giving it a lopsided effect with one side larger than the other. It was found embedded in a wooden lacquered plate, showing signs of a combination of jade and wood material use.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Banjia Village, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2001； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 5.3, Length 6.7, Width 5.8； A small hole runs through the upper middle part of the roof. Each of the four sides of the roof has a protruding point, and each side also has vertical scratches. One corner of the roof is damaged.

When discovered, the trident-shaped artifact was found near the head of the tomb owner, and it likely belonged to a crown or headgear ornament. The outer edge generally has a rounded contour, with three prongs. Each prong typically has a drilled hole; the middle prong has a vertical hole that runs through it, while the side prongs may have either vertical holes or nose-shaped holes. Often, jade tubes connect the middle prong, suggesting it was used as a connected piece. The designs can be plain, single-sided, or double-sided. Depending on the back features, there are flat and raised types. Based on the drilled holes, it can be categorized into those with a hole through the middle prong, all three prongs with straight holes, two prongs with a connecting hole, side prongs with piercing holes, and those with rivet holes at the base.

Excavation Location: Wujiabu, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1978； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 7, Width 8.5, Diameter 5.8； Milky white with green and gray fine veins. The object is a square column with a round interior and square exterior. There are vertically drilled circular holes in the middle, and the hole walls are smooth. The four vertical sides show cutting marks. The piece has no shooting openings or animal-human face patterns. It is an unfinished jade cong, with the upper and lower ends delineated with circular and curved corner patterns to indicate it was a semi-finished product.

Excavation Location: M7: 78/79, Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Diameter 2.1

This jade inlaid lacquer artifact is an elongated, handle-equipped wide-mouthed cup. The outer lip of the cup features a ring pattern with small jade beads embedded in it. The cup has a bulging body, and traces of red lacquer found on the bottom suggest it might have a ringed foot. The design of the cup is centered around large jade beads, with the primary patterns including concentric rings and spiral motifs, similar to bird and snake carvings on pottery or spiral patterns on jade artifacts. Its craftsmanship is extremely complex, making it a "high-end" product of the Liangzhu culture.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2005； The artifacts from the Liangzhu culture primarily consist of pottery, stone tools, and jade objects, while organic artifacts are exceedingly rare. The discovery of such organic items is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the lives of the Liangzhu people.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2005； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Diameter of ring foot 16, Height 5, Length of the bean tray approximately 22.5； The ring foot retains traces of red lacquer, and the bean tray and ring foot show multiple bonding marks.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2005； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 7–5.5, Diameter of bottom 3.5–3.3； The cross-section is round, the top is flat, and the other end is sharpened. A circular groove is present near the upper center.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2001； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 65.5, Width 13.1, Thickness 7.7, Tenon Length 1.9； The object is rectangular in shape, with two tenons at one end. The body has a continuous groove running through it, and a small square hole is drilled through the groove.

These jade bracelets are generally found on the wrists or arms of the deceased, although some are not worn. Most of these artifacts are plain, but some are carved with divine symbols or dragon head decorations. The body of the jade bracelet is typically smooth and circular, with some featuring dragon head designs.

Excavation Location: M1:30, Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 2.65, Diameter 8.2, Hole Diameter 6.1； The bracelet is a wide, flat ring. The inner surface is smooth, while the outer surface features four raised, embossed dragon heads, carved in the same direction, extending from the center of the bracelet to its upper and lower edges, forming a three-dimensional dragon head pattern.

Excavation Location: Anxi Yaoshan, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: August 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 10.2, Diameter 22.5, Hole Diameter 1-1.1； White jade, square column with rounded corners in cross-section. The tube has a pair of holes drilled through its center and four raised faces. The angle between the raised faces is greater than 90 degrees. Each face is divided by shallow grooves, and patterns are carved along the turning lines, featuring divine human motifs. The design is divided into six groups by the surrounding shallow grooves, with a total of 24 groups of patterns on the entire object.

Excavation Location: Changming Zhishan, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1989； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 4, Thickness 2.4； The object is made of mud-like black pottery, shaped like a cylinder. The body features one horizontal groove and two vertical grooves.

Excavation Location: Hongpan, Tangqi Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: July 1984； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 17.2, Width 7.8, Thickness 1, Hole Diameter 1.1； The object is dark gray and rectangular in shape, slightly narrower at one end. It features double edges and has two round holes drilled through the top. The blade and body show signs of chipping.

Excavation Location: Hunanshan, Chongxian Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1995； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Hole Diameter 0.4, Diameter 4.3； Made of stone, with a yellowish-brown color, the object is a regular circle with a central hole. One side is etched with symbols such as "*", "×", and "Y", and the edges are curved.

Excavation Location: Fengshan Collection, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1993, provided by the Yuhang Cultural Relics Management Committee； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Width 30.5, Length 37.8, Thickness 1.3； The object is made of grayish-blue stone, flat, and triangular in shape, with a 45-degree angle at the tip. It has a single-edged blade with a slight outward curve. The handle is short and square, with the outer edge of the handle aligning with the slanted edge at the front. The center has a semicircular indentation and a circular hole.

Excavation Location: Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 17, Width 6.1, Thickness 0.6； The sickle is dark brown and flat, shaped like a dagger. It has a single curved edge on one side, a convex back, and a wide tail.

Excavation Location: Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Thickness 0.8, Hole Diameter 1, Diameter 5.6； The object is purple-red in color and made of stone, with a flat circular shape and a hole drilled through the center.

Excavation Location: Collected by Zhang Xiangsheng at Zhuzhen Shangle Village, Yuhang District； Excavation Date: October 1981； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 33.6, Width 28.5, Thickness 0.8, Hole Diameter 1.6； The object is grayish-white and made of stone. It has an isosceles triangular shape, with single-edged blades on both sides. Two holes are drilled through the center, and the tail has a long inward curve. The object is well-made and uniform in shape.

Excavation Location: Beihu, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1980； The bean tray is oval-shaped, with a tapered mouth, wide rim, straight handle, and a partially preserved ring foot. After firing, a double-line circular pattern was engraved in the center of the tray's surface, with two concentric circles, and two mountain-shaped double-line symbols engraved in opposite directions at both ends. The handle is decorated with multiple raised ridges, and the uppermost ridge has rectangular perforations at both ends. Experts have interpreted the symbols on the tray's surface as depicting "two birds facing the sun."

Excavation Location: Beihu, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: November 1988； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 14, Mouth Diameter 16.9； Made of sand-tempered red pottery, the vessel has an open mouth, a constricted neck, a curved belly, and a round bottom. The bottom features three fish-fin-shaped legs. The overall shape is well-crafted, and the exterior is shiny black.

Excavation Location: M2:11, Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 10.2； The artifact is elongated, with a conical shape at one end and a protruding tenon at the other end, which has a drilled small hole. The handle end is shaped like a rounded square column. The front and back surfaces are lightly carved with simplified divine beast motifs in low relief.

Excavation Location: M2:25, Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Length 8.9, Width 0.95； The object is a rectangular column with one end tapered into a cone, while the other end has a small tenon with a drilled hole. The middle section is decorated with simplified divine beast motifs, divided into two parts by horizontal upper and lower grooves. Each divine beast motif has a turning line as its central axis, with a decorative cord pattern at the top, and two adjacent motifs share a circular symbol representing eyes.

Excavation Location: M2:21, Anxi Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 3.5, Diameter 1.4, Hole Diameter 0.6； This is a square column with a slightly off-center hole drilled through it. The design is divided into three groups—upper, middle, and lower—by two horizontal grooves. Each section is decorated with simplified divine beast motifs, with the turning lines as the central axis. The entire piece has 12 groups of divine beast motifs.

Excavation Location: Xiaolin Maoshan, Linping Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1975； Dimensions (L×W) cm: Height 5.2, Diameter 8.1, Hole Diameter 6； This is a light gray jade cong, rectangular in shape with a circular inner and square outer section. Simplified human-deity motifs are carved at the corners, featuring two raised ridges, a wide nose, and round eyes. A hole is drilled through the center. The cong is finely crafted, with smooth polishing.

Excavation Location: Banjia Mountain, Pingyao Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 2005； Liangzhu Culture artifacts are primarily made of pottery, stone, and jade, and organic materials are rarely found. The discovery of fruit pits is significant for understanding the daily life of the Liangzhu people.

The jar is made of sand-tempered black pottery with a reddish-brown surface due to its burial in river sand. It has a low, wide mouth with a slightly curved lip, a short neck, broad shoulders, a bulging belly, and a round bottom with an outwardly flaring ring foot. The jar is decorated with 8 symbols that combine imagery and script, carved on the shoulder and upper belly. According to Li Xueqin, a researcher from the Institute of History at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, this jar is a "unique and invaluable artifact."

Excavation Location: M7:8-1,2, Yaoshan Site, Liangzhu Town, Yuhang District, Hangzhou City； Excavation Date: 1987； Dimensions (L×W) cm: 1.Lid: Thickness 1.6, Diameter 3.8 (Cover 0907)； 2.Vessel: Height 2.9, Diameter 5, Hole Diameter 0.7 (Jade Column Vessel 0908)； The lidded vessel is pumpkin-yellow with white veining. One side is flat, while the other is convex, and it features a pair of tunnel-shaped holes. The vessel is a flat cylindrical shape with a small round hole in the center and a curved cutting mark on one end.